You spent hours tailoring your federal resume. You matched keywords to the job announcement. You double-checked your hours per week, your supervisor contact info, and your GS series. Then you uploaded a cover letter that starts with "To Whom It May Concern" and has one-inch margins crammed with 14-point font.

That cover letter just told the hiring manager you did not read the announcement closely. Federal cover letters follow specific conventions that differ from private sector applications. The salutation, the formatting, and the structure all signal whether you understand how federal hiring works or whether you are guessing.

I went through this exact problem when I transitioned out of the Navy. My first federal cover letters were formatted like the ones I used for tech sales applications. They looked fine on paper, but they did not match what federal HR specialists and hiring managers expected. It took applying to dozens of positions across six different federal career fields before I figured out what actually works. This guide covers everything I learned about federal cover letter salutations and formatting, so you can get it right the first time.

What Salutation Should You Use on a Federal Cover Letter?

The salutation sets the tone for the entire cover letter. Get it wrong and you look careless. Get it right and you look like someone who pays attention to detail. Federal hiring managers notice this because attention to detail is literally a competency they evaluate. If you are still building your federal cover letter from scratch, the military-to-civilian cover letter template gives you a ready-to-customize structure for federal GS positions.

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For federal applications, you have a few solid options depending on what information is available in the job announcement.

When the Announcement Lists a Contact Name

Some USAJOBS announcements include a point of contact with a name. If you see "Contact: Maria Chen, Human Resources Specialist" in the announcement, use it. Your salutation should be "Dear Ms. Chen:" with a colon, not a comma. The colon is standard for formal business correspondence and federal cover letters are formal documents. For guidance on how long the body of that letter should be, our short military cover letter examples show that under 200 words is often the sweet spot.

Do not use first names. "Dear Maria:" is too casual for a federal application. Stick with the title and last name. If you are unsure about the person's preferred title, "Dear Ms." or "Dear Mr." based on context is the safest route. If the name does not clearly indicate gender, use "Dear [Full Name]:" as in "Dear Morgan Riley:" to avoid guessing.

When No Name Is Given (Most Federal Announcements)

The majority of USAJOBS announcements do not list a specific hiring manager name. They list an HR office or a generic contact email. In that case, you have four good options:

• "Dear Hiring Manager:" — The safest, most widely accepted option. Works for any federal position.
• "Dear Selection Committee:" — Appropriate when the announcement references a panel review or merit promotion process.
• "Dear Human Resources Team:" — Works when the announcement only lists an HR office as the contact.
• "Dear [Agency Name] Hiring Team:" — Shows you read the announcement. Example: "Dear Department of Veterans Affairs Hiring Team:"

Any of these work. "Dear Hiring Manager:" is the one I used most often when I applied across Environmental Management, Supply, Logistics, Property Management, Engineering, and Contracting positions. It never caused a problem.

How Is Federal Cover Letter Formatting Different from Private Sector?

Private sector cover letters have gotten more casual over the past decade. Some tech companies expect a casual tone. Some startups barely read cover letters at all. Federal cover letters are different. They are formal documents that go into a structured review process alongside your resume, your questionnaire responses, and sometimes additional documentation.

The biggest differences come down to structure, tone, and what you reference in the body of the letter.

Structure Differences

A federal cover letter should follow a standard business letter format. That means your contact information at the top, the date, the agency or office you are addressing, the salutation, the body paragraphs, and a formal closing. Private sector cover letters sometimes skip the header block or use a more casual layout. Federal cover letters should not.

In the body, you need to reference the specific job announcement. Include the announcement number (the USAJOBS announcement number, not the control number) and the position title with GS level. Something like: "I am writing to express my interest in the Program Analyst position, GS-0343-12, as advertised under Announcement Number DE-12345678-24." This immediately tells the reviewer which position you are targeting, especially at agencies processing hundreds of applications simultaneously.

Tone Differences

Federal cover letters should be professional and direct. You are not trying to show personality or "stand out" the way private sector career advice tells you to. You are trying to show that you understand the position requirements and can document how your experience matches them. The tone should be confident but not flashy. Think of it like writing an official memo, not a LinkedIn post.

When I moved from federal contracting into tech sales, the cover letter style was completely different. Tech sales wanted energy, personality, metrics front and center. Federal wanted precision, compliance, and clear documentation of qualifications. They are two different worlds and you need to format accordingly.

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What Are the Correct Margins, Font, and Length?

Federal cover letters do not have an official OPM-mandated format the way federal resumes have specific required fields. But there are strong conventions that HR specialists and hiring managers expect. Deviate too far and your cover letter looks unprofessional.

Margins

Use one-inch margins on all sides. This is standard business letter formatting and gives the document a clean, readable appearance. Some applicants try to squeeze more content by shrinking margins to 0.5 inches. That makes the letter look cramped and harder to read. If your cover letter does not fit in one page with one-inch margins, you need to cut content, not shrink the margins.

Font and Size

Stick with a professional, readable font. Times New Roman, Calibri, Arial, or Garamond all work. Size should be 11 or 12 point. Do not go smaller than 11. Do not use decorative fonts, script fonts, or anything that draws attention to the formatting rather than the content. The goal is readability. If an HR specialist is reviewing 200 applications, your cover letter should be easy on the eyes, not a design exercise.

Length

One page. Period. A federal cover letter should be one page with your header, salutation, body paragraphs, closing, and signature block all fitting within that single page. Many applicants think longer is better because federal resumes carry more detail than private sector resumes. But the cover letter is not the resume. It is a targeted introduction that highlights your strongest qualifications for that specific position. Keep it focused.

You should have three to four body paragraphs. An opening paragraph that references the position and your interest. One or two middle paragraphs that connect your experience to the key requirements from the announcement. And a closing paragraph with your availability and contact information.

How Should You Structure the Body of a Federal Cover Letter?

The body is where your cover letter earns its place. A good federal cover letter does not repeat your resume. It connects the dots between your experience and the specific requirements listed in the job announcement. If you are a veteran, this is where you translate your military background into language that maps directly to what the hiring manager needs.

Opening Paragraph

State the position you are applying for, the announcement number, and where you found it. Then give a one-sentence overview of why you are qualified. Do not waste this paragraph on generic enthusiasm like "I am excited to apply for this opportunity." That tells the reviewer nothing. Be specific.

Example: "I am applying for the Logistics Management Specialist position, GS-0346-11, under Announcement Number MP-24-567890. With eight years of military logistics experience managing supply chains across three overseas installations and two years in federal property management, I bring direct experience in the core competencies outlined in this announcement."

Middle Paragraphs

Pull two or three key requirements from the job announcement and address them directly. Use the same language the announcement uses. If the announcement says "experience with inventory management systems," do not rephrase it as "supply chain technology." Match their words. This is critical for federal applications because the HR specialist reviewing your package is often checking your materials against a specific list of requirements.

Each middle paragraph should follow a simple pattern: state the requirement, describe your relevant experience, and quantify the result. You are not telling a story. You are building a case.

For veterans, this is where your military to civilian cover letter skills matter most. You need to take your military experience and present it using the terminology from the announcement. If you supervised 15 personnel and managed a $2.3M equipment account, say exactly that. Do not use military jargon that the HR specialist may not recognize. Say "supervised 15 personnel" not "led a section of 15 Sailors."

Closing Paragraph

Keep it short. Restate your interest, mention your availability for an interview, and provide your contact information. Something like: "I welcome the opportunity to discuss how my experience aligns with this position. I am available at [phone] or [email] at your convenience."

End with "Sincerely," followed by your full name. Some applicants add "Respectfully," which also works, especially for veterans. Both are appropriate for federal correspondence.

What Are the Most Common Federal Cover Letter Formatting Mistakes?

After helping over 15,000 veterans and military spouses through BMR, I have seen the same formatting mistakes come up again and again. These are the ones that make federal cover letters look amateur, even when the applicant is highly qualified.

Copying Your Resume into the Cover Letter

Your cover letter and your federal resume are two different documents with two different purposes. The resume is a detailed record of your experience, formatted with hours per week, supervisor names, and comprehensive duty descriptions. The cover letter is a targeted argument for why your experience fits this specific position. If your cover letter reads like a condensed version of your resume, you are wasting the hiring manager's time.

Using the Same Cover Letter for Every Application

This is probably the single biggest mistake I see. A veteran writes one solid cover letter, then copies it for every USAJOBS application with only the position title swapped out. Federal hiring managers can spot a generic cover letter immediately because it does not reference the specific requirements from their announcement. Each federal cover letter should be tailored to the specific announcement, pulling language directly from the duties and qualifications sections.

Skipping the Announcement Number

Every federal job announcement has a unique announcement number. Leaving it out of your cover letter is like turning in a military form without the date. It signals carelessness. Include the full announcement number in your opening paragraph so there is zero confusion about which position you are targeting.

Writing More Than One Page

Your federal resume handles the detail. The cover letter handles the targeted pitch. If you cannot make your case in one page, the problem is focus, not space. Tighten your paragraphs. Cut the filler. Every sentence in a federal cover letter should either reference a specific qualification from the announcement or provide evidence that you meet it.

Forgetting the Closing Signature

Some applicants end abruptly after their last paragraph with no formal closing. Always include "Sincerely," or "Respectfully," followed by your full name. If you are submitting as an attachment, include a typed signature. This is basic business correspondence protocol that federal reviewers expect.

Should Veterans Include Military Experience Differently in Federal Cover Letters?

Yes. And the difference is more about language than content. Your military experience is valuable for federal positions. Many federal agencies actively seek veterans because of the leadership, accountability, and mission-focus that comes with military service. The challenge is presenting that experience in a way that maps directly to the job announcement.

In your cover letter, translate military experience into federal civilian terms. If you managed a $4.5M equipment account as an E-6, say "managed government property valued at $4.5M" not "was responsible for a TOA worth $4.5M." The HR specialist reading your cover letter may not know what a TOA is, but they absolutely understand government property management.

Reference your federal hiring eligibility if applicable. If you are applying under a veterans hiring authority like VRA or 30% Disabled Veteran, mention it briefly in your cover letter. Something like: "I am eligible for appointment under the Veterans Recruitment Appointment (VRA) authority." This is not required in the cover letter since it is documented elsewhere in your application, but it reminds the reviewer of your eligibility status.

Do not turn the cover letter into a military biography. Pick the two or three experiences most relevant to the announcement and present them with specifics. If the job requires "experience managing teams of 10 or more," state how many people you led and in what context. If it requires "budget management experience," give the dollar amount you managed. The USAJOBS resume builder captures the bulk of your qualifications. The cover letter highlights the ones that matter most for this specific role.

Does the Cover Letter Actually Matter for Federal Jobs?

This is a fair question because many USAJOBS announcements list the cover letter as "optional." And technically, you can get referred without one. The questionnaire responses and your resume are what determine whether you make the certificate (the list of qualified candidates that goes to the hiring manager).

But here is what happens after you make the cert. The hiring manager reviews the referred candidates. They look at resumes, and many of them look at cover letters too. From my experience on the hiring side of federal positions, a strong cover letter separated candidates who looked equally qualified on paper. When two applicants both met the minimum qualifications and had similar experience levels, the one whose cover letter directly addressed the announcement requirements got the interview call.

So does it matter for getting referred? Not as much as your resume and questionnaire. Does it matter for getting selected for an interview? Significantly more than many applicants realize.

If you have already invested time building a solid federal resume summary and tailoring your resume to each announcement, spending 20 minutes on a targeted cover letter is worth the effort. It costs you almost nothing and gives the hiring manager one more reason to put you in the interview pile.

What Closing Should You Use on a Federal Cover Letter?

The closing is simpler than the salutation, but there are still right and wrong choices for federal correspondence.

Best options:

• "Sincerely," — The standard professional closing. Works every time.
• "Respectfully," — Common among veterans and appropriate for federal correspondence.
• "Very respectfully," — Slightly more formal. Fine for senior-level positions (GS-13 and above).

Avoid:

• "Best regards," — Common in private sector but slightly casual for federal applications.
• "Thanks," — Too informal for a formal cover letter.
• "Warm regards," — Overly personal for a federal application.
• "Cheers," — No. Just no.

After the closing, include your full legal name as it appears on your application. Below that, add your phone number and email address. Some applicants also include their mailing address, which is fine but not required if it is already in your USAJOBS profile.

One detail veterans sometimes miss: do not use your military rank in your signature block unless you are applying for a position where military rank is relevant context (such as a military liaison role or a position at a defense agency). For most federal civilian positions, your name and contact information are sufficient.

What to Do Next

Your federal cover letter is one piece of a complete application package. It works together with your resume, your questionnaire responses, and any supporting documents. If your cover letter is strong but your resume is not tailored to the announcement, the cover letter cannot save you.

Start with the salutation and formatting covered in this guide. Use "Dear Hiring Manager:" when no name is available. Keep it to one page, one-inch margins, 11 or 12pt professional font. Reference the announcement number and GS level in your opening paragraph. Address two or three key requirements from the announcement in your body paragraphs using the announcement's own language.

If you want to see how a well-structured cover letter pairs with a properly formatted federal resume, check out BMR's federal resume builder. It handles the formatting, the required fields, and the military-to-federal language translation so you can focus on targeting each announcement. You also get two free cover letters as part of the free tier, which you can use to build a targeted cover letter that matches the resume you create.

The application process has enough friction without your cover letter working against you. Get the salutation right, get the formatting right, and let the content of your experience carry the weight.