You got the job offer. The employer said they will sponsor your clearance. And now you wait.

For some veterans, that wait is 30 days. For others, it stretches past a year. The difference comes down to factors you can partly control and factors you cannot. This article breaks down real timelines for each clearance level. It covers what happens during the investigation, why delays happen, and what you should do while you wait.

If you already hold a clearance from active duty, your timeline looks different too. We will cover that. But first, here is what the investigation process actually looks like from start to finish.

What Happens During a Security Clearance Investigation?

The Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency (DCSA) runs most clearance investigations. They replaced the old OPM Federal Investigative Services in 2020. DCSA handles investigations for DoD, most federal agencies, and defense contractors.

The process follows a pattern. Your employer (or the federal agency) submits the clearance request. You fill out the SF-86 form. That form covers your entire life history. Jobs, addresses, finances, foreign contacts, criminal history, drug use, references. All of it.

After you submit the SF-86, DCSA opens the investigation. What happens next depends on the clearance level.

For a basic Secret clearance, the field investigation is lighter. For Top Secret, investigators dig deeper. They go back further and talk to more people. For TS/SCI, there is an additional polygraph step that adds even more time.

How Long Does Each Clearance Level Take?

DCSA publishes average processing times quarterly. These numbers shift based on backlog, staffing, and how many investigations are in the pipeline. Here are the current averages based on DCSA reporting.

Confidential clearance: 30 to 65 days on average. This is the fastest tier. The investigation is mostly records checks with limited fieldwork.

Secret clearance: 55 to 90 days on average. DCSA has gotten this number down from what used to be 6+ months. Secret clearances require a Tier 3 investigation, which includes some reference interviews.

Top Secret clearance: 90 to 180 days on average. This requires a Tier 5 investigation. Investigators talk to more people, go back 10 years, and verify more records. Complex cases push past 6 months.

TS/SCI: 4 to 8 months on average, sometimes longer. The SCI portion adds a polygraph requirement from the sponsoring agency. Some agencies (CIA, NSA, DIA) have their own polygraph schedules that run separate from the DCSA investigation.

These are averages. Your investigation could close in 3 weeks or drag out for over a year. The factors in the next section explain why.

One thing that helps: the clearance cost falls on the employer or sponsoring agency, not you. So while the wait is frustrating, at least you are not paying for the investigation yourself.

Applying to Jobs but
Not Hearing Back?

A generic resume won't cut it — federal and private sector jobs need completely different formats. Our builder knows the difference and tailors your resume to each position you apply for.

Federal (USAJOBS) & private sector formats Translates military jargon into civilian language Tailored to each job — not a generic template

Build Your Resume Free

2 free tailored resumes, cover letters & LinkedIn optimization

Why Do Some Investigations Take Longer Than Others?

Two people apply for the same Secret clearance on the same day. One clears in 45 days. The other waits 8 months. Why?

DCSA evaluates each case based on what it finds. If everything on your SF-86 checks out clean and your references respond quickly, the investigation moves fast. If the investigator hits a snag, everything slows down.

Here are the most common reasons for delays.

Foreign contacts or travel: Any foreign national connections require extra verification. If you married a foreign national, lived overseas, or have family abroad, expect additional interviews and record checks. This is the number one cause of extended timelines.

Financial issues: Delinquent debt, collections, bankruptcy, or unexplained large deposits trigger deeper review. Investigators need to verify there is no vulnerability to bribery or coercion.

Gaps in your SF-86: Missing addresses, jobs you forgot to list, or references who cannot be found. Investigators have to chase down every gap. If they cannot verify a period of your life, the case stalls.

Slow references: Your listed references need to respond to investigators. If they dodge calls or take weeks to schedule an interview, that time adds directly to your timeline.

Multiple moves: Military families move constantly. Every address requires local records checks. Ten addresses in 10 years means 10 separate checks across different jurisdictions.

Criminal history: Any arrests, charges, or convictions (even dismissed ones) require investigation and documentation. DUI, drug charges, or domestic incidents add time and complexity.

Drug use disclosure: Honesty is always the best policy on the SF-86. But disclosing past drug use triggers additional questions and sometimes additional interviews to establish the pattern and timeline.

The good news for veterans: your military service records are already in federal databases. That part of the investigation moves faster than it would for a civilian with no prior clearance history.

Can You Track Your Clearance Investigation Status?

Sort of. But the options are limited.

If you are a federal employee or active duty, your security manager can check the status in DISS (Defense Information System for Security). They can tell you if the investigation is open, if it has been sent to adjudication, or if a decision has been made.

If you are a contractor, your company Facility Security Officer (FSO) has access to DISS. Ask your FSO for updates. They are the ones who submitted the request and they can see where it stands.

You cannot check your own status directly as an applicant. There is no portal where you log in and see a progress bar. That is one of the most frustrating parts of the process.

What you can do: call DCSA at (571) 305-6583. They can confirm whether an investigation has been opened in your name and give you a general status. But they will not share details about the investigation itself.

For veterans who already held a clearance and want to check if it is still active, that is a different process for checking your clearance status after military service. Your old clearance may still be in the system depending on when you separated.

What Should You Do While Waiting for Your Clearance?

Sitting around waiting for a clearance to come through is not a plan. Some veterans put their entire job search on hold because one employer said they would sponsor a clearance. That is risky.

Here is what to do during the wait.

Keep applying to other jobs. Do not bank everything on one clearance-dependent position. Apply to roles that do not require a clearance. Apply to roles where you can start immediately. If the clearance comes through and the original offer is still on the table, great. If not, you have options.

If you are on terminal leave and job searching, this is even more important. Do not let a pending clearance become your excuse to stop looking.

Get your resume ready for multiple scenarios. You need one version for clearance-required jobs and one for civilian roles that do not care about clearances. Use the BMR Resume Builder to create both versions so you are ready to apply either way.

Stack certifications. If you are waiting 3 to 6 months for a TS clearance, use that time. Get your PMP, CompTIA Security+, CISSP, or whatever cert matters in your target field. When the clearance finally clears, you walk in with the clearance plus the cert. That combination is worth serious salary premium.

Respond to investigators immediately. If DCSA contacts you for a follow-up interview or additional information, respond the same day. Every day you delay is a day added to your timeline.

Tell your references to expect calls. Give your listed references a heads up. Tell them an investigator from DCSA will call. Give them your full legal name and approximate dates you worked together. References who are prepared respond faster, and faster responses mean faster processing.

Does Your Military Background Speed Up the Process?

Yes and no.

If you held a clearance on active duty and it is still active (or was active within the last 24 months), you have an advantage. Your prior investigation is already in the system. DCSA does not start from scratch. They review the existing file and run updated checks.

This is called reciprocity. If your clearance is current and you are moving to a new federal agency or contractor, the new organization can accept your existing clearance. The reciprocity process typically takes 1 to 4 weeks.

But reciprocity has limits. If you are upgrading from Secret to TS, you need a new Tier 5 investigation. Reciprocity does not cover level changes. And if your clearance lapsed, you need a new investigation. A lapse means more than 24 months since you held a position that required it. Learn more about clearance renewal after military separation.

Your military service does help in one clear way: the federal records already exist. Your service dates, duty stations, deployments, and prior investigations are all documented. Civilian applicants going through their first investigation do not have that documentation advantage.

Another advantage: if you were investigated while on active duty, the military investigation standards are the same as DCSA standards. There is no gap in methodology. A civilian who held a clearance through a different agency might face a more detailed re-investigation.

How to Position Your Clearance on a Resume Before It Clears

This comes up all the time. You are in the middle of an investigation. The clearance has not been granted yet. Can you put it on your resume?

Yes, but you need to phrase it carefully.

Do not write "Top Secret Clearance" if you do not have one yet. That is a misrepresentation and it will get caught during the hiring process.

If you previously held a clearance that is now inactive, you can list that too. Employers and FSOs understand clearance timelines. An inactive clearance is still valuable because reinvestigation is faster than a brand-new investigation.

For specific phrasing guidance, check out the full guide on how to list security clearances on your resume. If your clearance is expired but you want to highlight it, read about putting an inactive clearance on your resume.

When you apply to clearance-required jobs and negotiate salary, having an active or recently active clearance puts you in a stronger position. Employers know they skip the wait time and the investigation cost.

Interim Clearances: Can You Start Working Before the Full Investigation Finishes?

Sometimes yes. Interim clearances exist for exactly this reason.

An interim clearance lets you start working in a cleared position while your full investigation is still running. DCSA can grant an interim after completing the initial records checks (credit, criminal, FBI) but before the field investigation wraps up.

Interim clearances typically take 5 to 14 days for Secret and 30 to 60 days for Top Secret. But they are not guaranteed. If anything in your initial records check raises a flag, you will not get an interim.

Common reasons an interim gets denied:

• Recent bankruptcy or significant delinquent debt
• Criminal history (even minor offenses)
• Foreign national spouse or immediate family members
• Gaps or inconsistencies in your SF-86
• Recent drug use

If you get an interim, you can start working. But understand that an interim can be revoked at any time during the full investigation. If something comes up in the field investigation that was not caught in the initial checks, the interim goes away. You are out of the position until final adjudication.

Many defense contractors prefer hiring candidates who already hold final clearances for this reason. It removes the risk of an interim getting pulled. This is why finding civilian jobs that match your MOS and clearance level is so valuable. Employers in the defense sector actively seek veterans who already hold the clearance they need.

What to Do Next

The clearance investigation timeline is mostly out of your hands once the SF-86 is submitted. But your career is not on pause just because an investigation is running.

Here is what you can control right now:

• Make your SF-86 accurate. Double-check every date, every address, every reference phone number before you submit. Accuracy is the single biggest thing you can control.
• Tell your references. A quick text or email to each reference saves days or weeks of investigator follow-up.
• Keep job searching. Do not stop applying. Use BMR to build tailored resumes for both cleared and non-cleared positions.
• Use the wait to get certified. A clearance plus a relevant certification is a combination that commands premium pay in defense, intel, and federal contracting.
• Check your clearance status. If you held a clearance on active duty, verify whether your clearance is still active before assuming you need a new investigation.

Use the BMR career crosswalk tool to find civilian and federal positions that match your military background. Filter by roles that require the clearance level you hold or are pursuing. That way you know exactly where to focus while you wait.